The article analyzes the federal budget for 2019–2021 and principle tools of pursuing budget policy of the Russian Federation.  It assessed transformation of the budget policy model in the mentioned period, which aims at shaping the finance system able to counteract external shocks in the form of growing sanctions against Russia, foreign-economic conflicts among key players of the global market, uncertainty in international policy and economy. At the same time budget policy is oriented towards creating necessary conditions to speed up the growth rate of Russian economy and improve wellbeing of the Russian population. The authors estimate the key mechanism of the current budget policy in Russia, which can provide balance of the federal budget, i.e. the budget rule. It was grounded that the effective model of the budget rules aimed at accumulation of budget resources and their limited use in the field of end services for the population could create risks of low impact of budget expenses on factors of economic growth in Russia, hinder realization of the natural mechanism of increasing profits of the federal budget at the expense of onward development of economy. In this connection it is necessary to alter the medium-term concept of budget policy by re-orienting its tools towards target growth in real population income and investment in fixed capital but not only towards volumes of accumulated reserves and proficiency of the federal budget.

In current conditions of unstable global currency system and spoilt reputation of the American dollar the possibility to pass over to national currency in settlements among countries has become very topical. Thus the issue of fixing the exchange rate of currency units has become very important.  The article reveals the problem from the positions of the Russian school of economic thought, which is critical concerning the opinion of neo-liberal school about fixing the exchange rate of currency units. The focus is made on the fact that today’s method of estimating the exchange rate is ungrounded. The author puts forward the way of estimating the exchange rate, which can meet the essence of the present monetary system. To reveal the subject of the research and present the material the author used methods from general to particular, deduction and induction, natural sequence and some others. As a result a conclusion was made that fixing the exchange rate of currency units should be grounded on the one hand, by factors of the fundamental order, i. e. the level of social and economic development of the country, and on the other hand – by the current market situation on market of those goods, which are exported from the country and those commodity goods, which are imported to the country.

The present day paradigm of monetary and credit policy in Russia was designed by the national monetary authority only a decade ago. In this period of time the economic theory within the frames of public information space was discussing the problem expediency and possibility of Russian banking system passing over to the regime of inflation targeting. At the same time top management of the Bank of Russia in its practical work was constantly discussing the task of potential passing over to the floating rate of the national currency as a precondition for introducing the regime of inflation targeting. But as long as mid-2014 the introduction of the floating rate of the national currency was postponed by top management of the Bank of Russia. The principle reason was the fact that national economy and national currency were not ready to face and stand the test. But in spite of evident counter indications this test took place. It should be mentioned that passing over of the national currency to the regime of free floating was introduced by the Bank of Russia before the appointed time. The article studies key challenges and contradictions of the present day monetary and credit policy in Russia, which would not allow it to increase its efficiency. It shows that these problems and contradictions are stipulated both by system vices of the present concept of monetary and credit policy in Russia and specific features of its designing and realizing by the Bank of Russia, by peculiar decisions made by the Board of Directors, specific understanding on the part of top management and executives of institutional, instrumental and procedure components of the transmission mechanism, including specific understanding of the essence and nature of inflation, i.e. the subject of management within the frames of the present monetary and credit policy in Russia. The author puts forward and substantiates the hypothesis that nature of inflation  is  connected  with  money  malfunction.  Practical  recommendations  were  provided  aiming  at  raising efficiency of monetary and credit policy in Russia. The expediency of status revision and functional reforms of the National Finance Board was shown.

Today’s situation in foreign economic relations can be characterized as unstable, which becomes evident through trade wars, numerous sanctions and other attempts to impact the real sector of economy on the political level. Changes in foreign trade policy of many countries and slump in globalization make multinational corporations of chemical industry adapt quickly to the changing conditions. Sectoral specificity is an acute necessity to introduce advanced digital technologies, though many multinationals are still on the stage of technological innovation. The article estimates the effect of transformation taking place in the industry in global and regional scale, which can be used to correct state influence and implement forecasts of the global chemical industry development. The author came to the conclusion about the drop in investment activity, its concentration in the country of location and liability to demands of local strategy of chemical industry development. The author puts forward an approach to the appraisal of global finance strategies of multinationals through concrete identification of the research subject and choice of three most important vectors: investment strategy, strategy of shaping finance resources and taxation strategy.

The article studies the effective provisions in the field of recording material objects made during execution of research and development work and grounds the necessity to fix  them according to norms and requirements included in the international standards of finance accounting. The author investigates the acute problems of taking into account the international legislation similar to problems arising in Russian legislation in order to discuss, share experience, elaborate common approaches to recording of economic operations and eliminating of different interpretations. The most important today are the contradictions arising during recording material objects made during execution of research and development work, during their further use, as well as the structure of expenses on research and experimental developments. Legislative norms adopted in the USA dealing with recording of pilot models are given and concrete examples connected with recording expenses on research and development are provided. Proposals for showing operations in accordance with international standards are put forward.

Today digital platforms have become an integral part of our life. They provide a lot of opportunities both for state and ordinary users and for business. It is impossible to analyze industrial countries’ economy without taking into account specific features of functioning and technological trends in the field of digital platforms. The article reveals the  notion  ‘digital  platform’,  researches  key  features  of  functioning  and  different  types  of  digital  platforms depending on their functions. Literature does not pay adequate attention to such new participants of digital business strategies as leaders of digital transformation, blockchain and artificial intellect. Issues of data management and policy  in  their  respect  are  still  unsettled,  while  conditions  of  normative  regulation  are  unfriendly  towards experiments  with  digital  technologies.  The  authors  analyzed  key  challenges  facing  developers  and  users  of platforms, major technological trends in the near 2–3 years connected with proliferation of platforms, identified risks and advantages for the population and at the same time showed uneven display of trends in various countries within  the  last  five  years,  which  is  connected  with  difference  in  the  level  of  technological  development  and peculiarities of home markets and state policy even within a group of industrialized countries. The authors showed acute for state policy issues necessary for lowering the said risks and increasing profits from economy digitalization. 

The definition of personnel component in innovation potential is an essential factor in its assessment and development. An integral condition of developing the personnel component in innovation potential of social and economic systems is a high-quality training of qualified personnel in accordance with requirements of innovation economy. The age of drastic changes requires new forms of teaching and thinking in business, in occupations and, of course in education. In this sphere Russia should re-orient efforts from personnel training for fundamental science and higher school to training of practice-oriented specialists, who can manage innovation, reform the world for the better in constructive collaboration with surroundings. A structural scheme of personnel component in innovation potential advanced by the article from the point of view of resource approach can allow to interpret it as a totality of human resources possessing a certain (necessary for participation in the innovation process) set of competences, experience and labour behavior that take part in economic activity of social and economic systems (employed in economy). Attempts to assess the personnel component in innovation potential of today’s Russia resulted in identification of the following aspects: 1. Reducing the absolute number of personnel employed in research and development; 2. Serious differences in the character of shaping and using the personnel component in innovation capital in different countries; 3. Structural shifts in the pool of researchers and developers in respect of their degree, age and field of science; 4. Considerable growth in the pool of researchers and developers of university graduates without work experience.

Estimation of social and economic situation in regions of Russia and their territories has been conducted lately, which includes self-sufficiency of territories from the point of view of ensuring the necessary standard of living and quality of life of the population and development of territory economic model that can meet this goal. At the same time the existing methodological support and developments do not take into account specific features of territorial and economic structures, space characteristic of locating economic and social entities of the territory. In this view researching the phenomenon of economic agglomeration is extremely interesting. The research deals with problems of space development of the territory and theoretical and methodological substantiation of creating space models of the agglomeration type. Agglomeration setting-ups could smooth uneven distribution of production factors that determine the level of social infrastructure of a certain territory. As an object of the research the authors chose a subregion of the Altay area. They analyzed and conducted a rating estimation of social and economic potential of municipal setting-ups meant for introduction in the Barnaul agglomeration. A conclusion was made about available preconditions for economic integration of territories with different economic structures, quality of social infrastructure, potential of development and creating an agglomeration effect. The issues of city agglomerations’ functioning were also discussed.

The characteristic feature of new economy is a growing role of human capital, knowledge and high technologies. In the field of innovation development Russia is seriously behind western countries. At the same time the development of Russian regions is extremely uneven. First of all, it is connected with mining regions. Techno-parks should eliminate gaps and help mining regions get integrated in economy of knowledge being formed now. The author studies the idea of techno-park structures, shows history of their establishment in Russia and analyzes dynamics of key indicators of techno-parks functioning.  Apart from that, the article provides comparative analysis of technoparks’ functioning in different countries, such as Germany, France, China and others. While describing techno -park structures in the Tomsk and Kenerovo regions, the most important problems typical of them are identified. The author analyzes in detail the results of the innovation-territorial center ‘INO Tomsk’ and the Kuzbas techno-park, identifies key lines in their work dealing with integration of mining regions in new economy and shows positive effect of techno-park structures’ functioning.

The article studies the principle methods of estimating labour productivity, such as vector, multi-criteria and multifactor. The author provides their comparative characteristic, which shows vector methods as the most suitable to estimate labour productivity of operating contingent in railway transport. Based on aspects of using vector methods the  article  shows  the  necessity  to  design  a  unique  approach  to  estimating  labour  productivity  of  operating contingent within the frames of testing processes on railway transport. The author reveals the essence of labour productivity  in  view  of  figures  showing  product  output  and  labour  intensity.  Numerous  indicators  of  vector methods of estimating labour productivity are described, which are based on natural, conventionally natural, labour and  value  measuring.  The  use  of  concrete  measuring  depending  on  terms  and  goals  of  labour  productivity estimation are grounded. Methodology of designing indicators of labour productivity estimation, which are unique for railway industry, is studied and their characteristic is provided. The use of non-participation approach within the frames of labour productivity estimation by vector methods was substantiated. In order to specify the methodological component methods of estimation labour productivity being discussed in the article are supplemented by formulas for calculating relevant indicators showing specific features of labour organization in railway transport.

Digital transformation of all spheres of society, changing values, modes of production and consumption caused the emergence of new types of labour relations.  Gigonomics is a new social and economic model, which is characterized by spread of new types of non-standard employment based on part-time, remote work and short-term labour contracts. Today gigonomics develops very fast all over the world, as this model is appealing for employers in respect  of  cutting  costs  on  personnel  remuneration,  providing  safe  working  conditions  and  others.  Russia announced the entry into the age of digital economy on 28 July 2017, when the program ‘Digital Economy of the Russian Federation’ was adopted, therefore the goal of the research is to identify prospects of developing freelancing and crowdsourcing as principle types of economic relations of gigonamics on Russian labour market. To reach the set goal the author analyzes the current development of digitalization in industrialized countries and in Russia and studies the development of gigonomics, in particular freelancing and crowd-sourcing.

The goal of the article is to study current entrepreneurship as economic coenosis being an economic environment, which comes into being during evolution of economic relations. To reach the set goal it is necessary to reveal foundations of inter-disciplinary research of economic processes, to identify evolutionary features of current entrepreneurship functioning and to design basic notions of coenological idea of entrepreneurship leaning on the theory of techno-coenosis. Methodological solution of this problem is possible through identifying general features of complex systems’ shaping – both biological, technical and economic, which are capable of self-organization. The use of coenological approach is grounded in respect of regional entrepreneurship as a type of current economic reality. On the basis of achievements of the theory of systematic, evolution and techno-coenosis the authors provide theoretical and methodological substantiation of using the idea of entrepreneurial coenosis as a new form of the development of complex economic systems. The article shows that the solution of this problem is possible because of the availability of general features, mechanisms of the development, factors and causes of emerging structural and dynamic processes in economic systems with biological, technical and other complex systems characterized by self-organization. By using the example of financial resources, i.e. energy necessary to form the start conditions the logics of evolutionary and population processes of developing regional entrepreneurship was discussed and the algorithm of affecting the relevant economic population was put forward. The obtained findings show that it is necessary to use the coenosis theory in order to describe and analyze the current entrepreneurship as a new objective economic reality, for which evolutionary laws of development are the most important.

Small business, especially just started, contains a lot of risks and depends greatly on external conditions. To motivate small business development it is necessary to create favorable economic environment. The article makes an interregional comparison of economic conditions required for the development of small and medium entrepreneurship. On the basis of this analysis the authors designed proposals aimed at resolving the most topical problems. They researched key components of state support within the frames of programs being implemented on the territory of Moscow  and the Belgorod region. It was shown that improvement of  regional systems of small and medium business support should aim at creation of favorable conditions for the development of innovation activity of small business. To develop regional programs of small innovation business support it is recommended to use experience of other regions with more developed small business and overseas achievements, for instance, Chinese experience. 

The ability to use intellectual assets effectively predetermines competitiveness and efficiency of highly-technological companies. Thus key stakeholders face the problem of estimating quantitative parameters of intellectual capital (IC) in the process of setting-up such enterprises, especially for managing the company value. Quantitative and qualitative IC estimation can give investors an opportunity to forecast the degree of company success on market and can give management a possibility to use additional information in the form of IC data to govern the enterprise. On the basis of experience of overseas aerospace enterprises the authors put forward the method of quantitative IC estimation, which allows stakeholders to solve the problem of informational asymmetry and inside. To assess the value of the company own capital the model of free cash flows is used and to estimate the value of key tangible asset, i. e. the totality of means of production – the modified method of real options can be used. The authors study the approach to the quantitative IC estimation, according to which the value of company IC in assessing the market value of the enterprise could be calculated within the frames of the method of net assets. IC value of highly-technological companies was found, its share in the own capital of the enterprise was calculated and conclusions about IC role in generation of value in corporations being researched was made.

The content of the majority economic objectives comes to optimum use of resources of different types, at the same time among various resources, such as natural, finance, etc., human capital tends to take the leading position as the most valuable one. Trade operations are not always conducted smoothly, sometimes errors can be observed, deviations from the set mechanism of economic process development can take place due to some reasons and because of those undesirable effects, damages can turn up, which in their turn can cause subsequent adverse phenomena. All of them are interconnected and interdependent. In order to prevent such situations it is necessary to identify risks to foresee possible development in the future. The article provides specificity of the algorithm for researching risks at trade enterprises and shows features of identification and complexity of classification schemes of factors and risks connected with damages. Trade activity is characterized by indicators, i.e. indices of economic activity, which should be controlled at all stages of trade and economic process implementation. Different versions of risk classification are proposed, which can be suitable for the next research in the field of trade.

In order to diagnose components of furniture-making enterprises’ activity a system of indicators characterizing them was designed, which can be found in finance and analytical accounting of enterprises or calculated using data of this accounting. The article on the basis of scientific cognition methods  and systematic analysis studies theoretical approaches  to  methodology  of  assessing  competitive  sustainability,  which  allows  to  synthesize  the  obtained findings. The article provides scientific concepts of different researchers in respect of methodology of assessing competitive sustainability and puts forward the author’s understanding and definition of methodology of assessing competitive sustainability. The author compares different scientific views concerning assessment of competitive stability, which provides an opportunity to develop the author’s concept of the research problem. This methodology helps carry out assessment and comparative analysis of competitive sustainability of furniture-making enterprises. The use of recommendations could foster creation of competitive sustainability of furniture-making enterprises’ development in conditions of fast changing market environment. The lines in developing of  advanced tools of managing competitive sustainability at furniture-making enterprises in Russia in conditions of turbulent market environment can contribute to theory and practice of furniture-making enterprises’ development. The use of theoretical and practical recommendations could allow furniture-making enterprises in Russia, bodies of governance and other concerned structures to make grounded managerial decisions and control their implementation. 

The article provides brief characteristic of key historic stages in the development of manufactured toys and studies issues of applying econometric methods for investigating indicators of manufactured toys development. It is shown that specificity of industry, features of its development influence the expediency of using concrete methods, models, information technologies, ways of processing statistic information, analysis and forecast of its indices. The article points to difficulties of Russian enterprises manufacturing toys. It underlines the necessity to estimate correctly and timely the existing situation in order to correct the work of the enterprise to form stable positions on the market in the future. It is pointed out that resolving problems of development and industry as a whole is impossible without a thorough, scientifically grounded analysis of the market of manufactured toys and forecast of its prospects. Special attention is paid to research of possible use of macro-economic models in order to analyze the development of present  day  manufactured  toys.  To  give  management  an  opportunity  to  change  the  existing  situation  at  the enterprise for the better it is necessary to orient to needs of potential customer, whose analysis can be made on the basis of econometric models. Concrete examples of using econometric models in the analysis of indices of manufactured toys market are provided and recommendations for their applied use are given.

Since Russian economy passed over to market relations and the International Olympic Committee changed its view on the problem of professionalism and amateurishness the issues of professionalization of higher achievement sport and its shift to the commercial channel have been discussed. Due to low demand for the final product of professional sport, different structures of financing overseas and Russian sport clubs have been developed. While the most important source of financing for overseas teams that carry out planning  on the micro-level and set a goal to maximize profits is proceeds from commercial activity, such source for Russian teams that in conditions of market relations could not find a relevant number of customers, often because of low quality of the sport product is sponsors’ money and budget funds. The transfer of sport organizations to self-financing implies search for new sources of filling items of budget revenue, raising efficiency of finance management and their assessment as investment projects. The absence of necessary legal regulation and stimulation of business activity in the field of professional sport can lead to its misbalance and inefficiency of management. The authors put forward a number of mechanisms, which could stimulate professional clubs to raise effectiveness of using budget resources directed to sport industry and to optimize the process of planning investment policy of state in respect of this field of activity in order to obtain social and economic effect.

Products of chemical industry along with oil and gas complex form the basis of Russian economy, therefore any instability in the economic situation of the country affects seriously the functioning of chemical industry enterprises. The crisis of chemical industry enterprises is one of the most important problems for Russian economy. In view of this fact we face the necessity of crisis management of enterprise activity in order to prevent and eliminate threats to their  finance  security  and  to  obviate  after-effects  of  the  crisis  needed  to  minimize  adverse  consequence  for enterprises of chemical industry. Taking it into account we should choose a correct methodology and landmarks of strategic managerial accounting at enterprises of chemical industry in conditions of crisis, which could become effective tools of prevention and elimination of crisis phenomena and at the same time could raise efficiency of adopting and implementing strategic plans of crisis counteraction. The author proposes to use a well-balanced system of indicators, which in terms of a crisis could provide an opportunity to form a system of managerial decisions that are differentiated in regard to crisis stage and based on correctly developed strategy built within the frames of strategic management and strategic managerial accounting of the business entity.

The article discusses acute issues of shaping the system of corporate management within the frames of state-owned companies. The author studies characteristics that group state-owned corporations by similar features and identifies key goals of corporate management. The list of all types of stakeholders is provided and interests of each group being pursued within corporate management are mentioned. Trends in the development of the state-owned corporations’ sector are analyzed and the level of their commercial activity efficiency is investigated. Theoretical aspects of corporate management and stakeholders are discussed and their impact on the efficiency of company with state capital work is demonstrated. Based on Russian and international practice the author came to the conclusion that inadequate mechanism of corporate management could cause different risks , the major one is a conflict of interests of stakeholders. Principle risks in the system of corporate management observed in Russian economy are enumerated. In order to improve the process of managing corporate risks in companies with state participation the author   advanced   a   number   of   changes,   which   should   be   made   in   the   Russian   corporate   legislation. Recommendations aimed at resolving the problem of inefficient system of corporate management are put forward. Special attention is paid to the issue of professionalism and independence of the Board of Directors in state-owned companies.

The article provides findings of the research dealing with the system of developing managerial personnel of education institutions, which is still going on. The goal of this research is to reveal characteristics of functional and role positions of managerial personnel in education institutions in today’s society. The author specifies the notions of ‘position’, ‘function’ and ‘role’ of managerial personnel in education institution, characterizes functional and role positions of managerial personnel in education institutions as an entity of today’s society development, provides recommendations aimed at designing the system of developing managerial personnel in education institution in accordance with revealed functional and role positions. The source base of the research was formed by official statistic data of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Education of the Orenburg region, the Institute of Qualification Upgrading and Professional Re-Training of Workers of Education in the Orenburg State Teacher-Training University, as well as findings of previous research of managerial workers of the education system in the Orenburg region. The article uses general methods of cognition: systematic and functional approach, special methods of research, sociological (document analyzing, observation, survey, questionnaires, experiment, method of experts’ assessment) and statistic methods. Testing of theoretical conclusions was conducted in 2015–2018 within the education system of the Orenburg region.

The article provides a review of existing software for calculation of calorie content and food value of culinary dishes. A relevant sub-system was designed for market research and sociological survey. Based on analysis of existing software an integrated informational and analytical system was developed meant for calculating prime cost and price of culinary dishes depending on the norms of ingredients’ putting and for calculating economic indices. The structural and parametric analysis of data includes correlation and regressive analysis and the matrix of abnormal conditions. The sub-system of structural and parametric modeling and identification is used for the calculation. The sub-system  of  calculating  economic  indices  automation  was  developed  by  MS  Excel  and  Visual  Basic  For Application. It provides calculation of the number of sold culinary dishes and database for calculation and technical and technological cards, which are accompanied by visual screen forms. Importing data from MS Excel to the imitation system AnyLogic gives an opportunity to analyze dynamics of economic indices, forecast finance situation at the public catering enterprise. The integrated informational and analytical system could be useful for enterprises, executives, technologists, managers in restaurant business and could be introduced not only in the catering system of the Russian Plekhanov University of Economics but in other public catering enterprises.