The article describes theoretical principles and preconditions of developing advanced innovation systems and presents different theories and authors’ approaches, which could provide growth of research in this field. The authors analyze integral parts of the national innovation system and forms of knowledge circulation within it. They underline the important role of developing processes of three leading institutional sectors of economy collaboration, i.e. state, business and science, which are known in literature as the ‘triple spiral’ model, depict its practical advantages and identify barriers on the way of creating the efficient innovation system through this model. The article puts forward a concept of the regional innovation system, which is close to the national one by certain characteristics and shows its key components aimed at raising national competitiveness, including by way of the cluster approach. Special attention is paid to innovation clusters as an effective form of attaining a high level of competitiveness through informal integration of institutional structures. Cluster policy is presented as a complex of steps which can raise efficiency of the Russian innovation system through development of competitive markets, increasing innovation character of different industries of economy, motivating initiatives in regions and stimulating closer interaction between state, business and science being the key components of innovation system of any country. 

High-level technologies were brought to our planet in the 20th and early 21st century. In the technical aspect mankind has made a great step forward while science about market is still underdeveloped. Thus, instead of the developed form of market relations mankind has reached business – market, the most perverted form of market in human history. The article proved that business – market could be dangerous for people. It will never become a model for social and economic structure of state. Arising of business – market is connected with the fact that countries could not develop a controlled market as there is no science. Business – market is a consequence of the fact that science cannot see a developed form of market. It is business – market that has pushed world economy to the global crisis. If we speak about the essence of the crisis, it was initially provoked by the US. The first precondition of the global crisis was stock exchanges. While stock exchange was working within economic space of countries, it had a positive impact, but as soon as it overstepped state limits it gained a negative impact. Principle elements of the national market are not stock exchanges, but goods, money and value. Commercialization was the second precondition of the crisis. Commercial banks are harmful for any state. As the bank becomes state-owned the ground for enrichment of crisis culprit will disappear. The non-governmental structure of the Federal Reserve System controls finances of the world. This global money-lender is controlled by no one. A crisis is a response to the incorrect pursuing of economy. All countries of the world need economic activity coordinated with economic laws. It is necessary to restructure our state into the developed form of market and then Russia will be able to overcome the crisis and build a controlled market. 

Present day exchange trade using computer algorithm (or high frequency robots) that can make independent trade decisions and function without man’s involvement is becoming quite usual. Intensive technological upgrading of finance markets fostered the development of high-frequency trade, thus ways of conducting trade transactions were transformed. In line with technology development the speed of transactions being carried out by high-frequency robots increased considerably during the last two decades. The majority of research dealing with assessment of highfrequency trade impact mention the wide spread of the latter and, consequently the growth in its market share, especially on stock exchanges. At the same time the drawback of various research is the limited analysis of reasons for high-frequency trade popularity and preconditions of its evolution. Apart from this many researchers neglected the fact that the development of high-frequency trade was promoted not only by technological evolution of computer systems but by legislative regulation, first of all in the USA. High-frequency trade was initially developed on US stock exchange and even today it is actually the only one news-maker in the field. The article reviews the key stages of exchange trade development, which foster establishment and evolution of high – frequency trade and shows legislative initiatives that caused its popularity. The authors present arguments for and against highfrequency trade and analyze current legislative initiatives that disclose potential trend aimed at the development of the system regulating high-frequency robots’ functioning. 

The present situation in customer crediting in Russia causes a lot of questions and criticism. According to experts the growth in population over-crediting could result in deteriorating the quality of credit service and increase in delays and it can in its turn affect the general economic status. The resolution of this problem is hidden in the system character of its realization. In present conditions we need a well-balanced system of credit relations’ regulation. First of all it deals with strict regulation of the system of micro-financing with simultaneous improving the level of population finance competence. The author shows that these issues’ settlement lies in the field of bank regulation and supervision and in introduction of the institution of customer consulting. 

The article deals with investigation of an unusual phenomenon, i. e. the origin of compulsory reserve functions as a multifunctional finance tool. Compulsory reserves (compulsory reserve requirements – norms of compulsory reserves) as a finance tool in disclosing its functional idea reveal their character not only in the traditional function, as a tool that regulates liquidity of the banking system but also as a tool possessing specific multifunctional nature, which allows the central banks by ensuring stability of banking organizations (key components of the banking system) functioning to guarantee stability of the banking system as a whole. The article shows this specific multifunctional character through mechanisms of averaging. Proceeding from the analysis of averaging mechanism functioning, a conclusion can be made about extending the functional set of compulsory reserves as an effective finance tool. It was pointed out that each of the mentioned functions can be presented by more local functions making up system integrity. Local functions are identified with due regard to diverse interests of the parties participating in the process of compulsory reserving. It was shown that the buffer function of the interest rate is displayed into local functions: the function of regulating rate volatility on money market and the function of regulating the value of loan funds. The author thinks that function localization possesses not only scientific value (in view of disclosing the mechanism of more effective use of this finance tool) but also a certain applied value, as it allows us to reveal real economic interests of each party and therefore, to use more efficiently the found advantages of this finance tool.

The article investigates the wording of the category ‘credit’. It enumerates key features of the credit. On the basis of distinguishing characteristics the field of consumer credit was identified. The broad interpretation of consumer credit was provided with classifications by certain criteria. The article shows the difference between mortgage credit and consumer credit and formulates narrower, western interpretation of consumer credit. The author discusses different views on the essence of the category ‘consumer credit’ – POS – credits and non-target bank credits, as well as other limits of understanding. The author formulated his own idea of consumer credit by incorporating retail and mortgage crediting in this notion. As a result the author gives the definition of the category ‘consumer credit’. 

The article provides findings of the research done on Russian gold market. Continuous growth in investment in gold was pointed out. The author puts forward the classification of investment by ‘investment object’, which includes two types of investment, i.e. direct and indirect. Direct investment consists of mutual and share capital, crediting and physical metal and indirect investment – portfolio and digital gold. Detail characteristics of all types of deals on precious metal market are provided. Ways of investing capital into new investment products are proposed. Advantages and disadvantages of each investment tools of the classification are shown. The article describes investment in gold-mining, bank, exchange and market sectors of the market and puts forward recommendations for investors concerning the choice of the most effective tools existing on the Russian market of precious metal. 

Lately we have seen changes in organization of auditors’ work. Focus is made on the complex analysis of finance and business work of the person being audited and, consequently on rejection of total checking and passing-over to checking based on risk criteria. As a rule the major part of finance and business operations conducted by tax-payer lead to tax liabilities on one or other tax. It is not always possible to check all finance and business operations and the efficiency of such checking can be doubtful. It is true that audit proofs collected by the auditor must be sufficient in number, however their number cannot compensate for their low quality. In this connection the article discusses the essence and methodology of risk-oriented tax audit and its key stages, gives examples of the risk card and control procedures of the organization. The author shows that during the analysis of tax risk factors of certain business processes the auditor can work out the optimal plan and strategy of audit and recommend effective ways of minimizing tax risks and eliminating adverse aftereffects of tax risks. 

During the auditor’s check-up the auditor collects materials, which later will form a basis for writing his/her report on reliability of finance accounting. Auditor’s proofs are necessary so that the auditor’s opinion is not groundless and more objective. At every step of his/her work the auditor collects proofs and then leaning against them he/she will be able to present his/her opinion about reliability of accounting. The author studies the idea of the notion ‘auditor’s proofs’, systematizes the list of documents that can be included into auditor’s proofs, identifies parameters describing specific features of getting auditor’s proofs on the basis of international standards of audit. The article provides the analysis of potential use of international standards by Russian auditors, which could promote their integration into international auditors’ community. 

The article studies the acute issues of global climate change, which today is one of the most burning problems of the world. Analysis of different sources dealing with climate changes in the second half of the 20-th and early 21st centuries conducted by the authors gave them an opportunity to identify problems of ecological nature influencing climate changes. They grounded topicality of problems of global and regional environment and climate changes due to increasing impact of anthropogenic factors, including the continuous growth in concentration of CO2 and other green house gases in the atmosphere. The authors underline topicality of researching different effects of climate change, which could be harmful and at the same time become catalysts of various changes in many industries of economy. The article analyzes different points of view on the process of climate change, its forecast and consequences. Risks of disasters in technological and social spheres caused by global warming were demonstrated. Possible effects of global warming on the territory of Russia were shown, including those in the Arctic zone. Climatic policy and the Climatic Doctrine of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 were discussed. Participation of Russia in the system of global management of climate changes was underlined. 

All countries aim at designing the program of strategic development. It is caused both by expectations of the new technological structure deployment and ambitions to retain their positions in the global labour division. The article shows the situation with making decisions concerning further strategic development in the world, in particular in China, the US and Russia. In China – it is mainly the support of state-owned enterprises, especially in zones which are important for economic security and the development of infrastructural communicative projects. In the US – it is the growth in power reserves on the basis of the vast shale project aiming at global economic expansion. Proposals of the ‘United Russia’ on strategic development of the country are provided: trebling of the middle class, equal access to infrastructure, education, Public Health. Infrastructure is the center of technological spurt, which will require decline in time and cost of transactions. Power supply of the proposed direction of strategic development was studied. The contribution of passive measures raising the level of power saving was estimated. The need in active measures, i. e. steps based on the growth in power carriers’ supply was shown. In this connection it was mentioned that power costs for providing artificial living surroundings in Russia are twice as high and even more as in Central Europe. The authors underline the necessity to introduce a common system of criteria for power efficiency for all objects of infrastructure and industry, from buildings to technological processes. They compared the cost of transactions in the European part of Russia and Western Europe, Germany. Finally, they came to the conclusion that it is essential to drop prices for all types of fuel in Russia in order to develop economy in general and to provide a growth in power resource production to guarantee strategic development.

The article grounds economic expediency of using jacket thermal exchangers of the sheet-canal type. As a rule steam jackets of technological devices in food industry and catering enterprises have a form of an open slit space and for work under pressure they are made of walls of big thickness, which envisages their high metalconsumption. In contrast to standard slit jackets, sheet-canal panels are a structure made of two thick metal sheets welded by contact electric welding. Heating steam canals are formed between the sheets. Such structure allows us to decrease the wall thickness and therefore to cut metal-consumption and, consequently power-consumption of technological equipment. The article describes the method which could optimize sizes of inter-canal zones of sheetcanal panels used as jackets in devices of thermal treatment of food. In order to cut wall thickness of panels it is proposed to increase the square of inter-canal zones without declining the total thermal flow, which is passed by the panel to the agent being heated. This problem was resolved by the calculation method based on the use of thermal rib efficiency coefficient. The authors made calculations and provided optimal sizes of inter-canal zones in case of altering the wall thickness of jacket thermal exchanger made of chrome-nickel stainless steel of the brand 12X18H9T. 

The article deals with the issue of theoretical substantiation and practical importance of industrial functions, in particular Cobb-Douglas function. It is known that lately Cobb-Douglas function is not used in practice to forecast economic development, as it describes the reality in a poor way. When this function was deduced a number of methodological mistakes were made. The authors mention the use of costs and result related to different periods of time as a said mistake. Another methodological mistake, according to the authors is incorrect division of variables after finding a numerical value of power. The most serious drawback of industrial functions is the fact that they are deduced only on the basis of statistic data of the past in the absence of any explanations about the current processes in production sphere. The article runs about working out the concept aimed at resolving practical tasks of managing the development of big economic and technological systems. The development of such methods is possible only on the basis of knowledge about laws of functioning and designing economic and technological systems but not only statistic information about the past. 

In today’s world private time is a key resource for any person, which often has even a higher value than money. Competent managing one’s time resource implies adequate assessment of the situation, making relevant decisions with due regard to time costs needed to attain the set goals, designing the program of reaching the goals in time space and strict control over time limits of the activity. Repeated non-fulfillment, delay or postponing of planned objectives (procrastination) could cause internal discomfort and even result in nervous and psychic disturbance and depression. The skill of using one’s time effectively and managing it with high quality is valuable for each person, especially for education institutions’ workers. The authors present findings of surveying lecturers concerning timemanagement and principles of its use in pedagogic work and everyday life. Questionnaires and analysis of pedagogic specialists’ work provide an opportunity to identify problems of managing work time and private time. As a result of this research the authors worked out recommendations aimed at effective use of time-management principles in the process of pedagogic activity. 

The research deals with the development of teaching, research, organizational and administrative, commercial activity of departments for physical training in today’s social and economic circumstances. The authors of the article put forward the concept aiming at broadening further education services, at research in the field of students’ and employees’ health control, at using technological achievements for managing the teaching process in physical culture, at differentiation of the teaching process for students freed from classes and students of special medical groups. Innovation of technological support of the teaching process in physical culture includes setting of the local informationeducational media, i.e. network e-journal. The directions of the Concept have image nature, which meet current social and economic conditions and strategy of higher education development. As a result of the Concept introduction the teaching process and further education activity were diversified and systematized. Apart from that in 2017 the volume of publications of the faculty increased by 90%.  

The article discusses conceptual approaches to defining the perceived quality of transport service, rendered by public transport in the city of Moscow, in particular by rail transport, such as the underground, the Moscow central ring and local trains. The authors put forward their own definition of the notion of perceived quality of transport service. They analyze key indicators of the transport service quality, the two- and four-stage model of its quality and the five-stage model of service marketing, which can be adapted to services of in-city rail transport. Special attention is paid by organizers of passenger transit to the development of public transport in Moscow in general, as well as to raising quality of service by all types of transport, including rail one. Both technical approach and advanced technology of management (intellectual systems used for planning and organization of transit) are used to do it. However, the marketing approach (or studying the perceived quality of transport service) has not been investigated well enough. It provides an opportunity not only to assess the quality of service rendering processes, which is important, but also to conduct mass research of transport service customers in order to find out their attitude to the quality of service by certain comfort parameters, safety, information supply, etc. 

The article discusses the question of possible impact on customer decision by using the method of metaphor deriving. For this purpose a new classification of archetypes was put forward earlier and an excursus to history of appearing the notion of latent forms was made. The author created a gallery of visual images on the basis of archetype classification and carried out a complex questioning of student youth concerning the compliance of certain images (archetypes) with their meaning. As a result some successful, from our point of view images were found, which can be used to promote goods and services. The hypothesis was proven that by entering subconsciousness visual images can form emotions, impressions or refer to the past, habits, childhood. Emotions and feelings are usually the main element of decisions about purchase. One of the major feelings is sight, which initiates subconscious processes influencing the decision about further steps. This research supplemented works of the academics, who focus on other feeling of man, such as hearing, sense of smell, sense of touch. 

Severe climate in Russia stipulates high social and economic significance of heat supply for customers. Due to the fact, high-quality monitoring of its condition and plans for developing heat supply in the country and its regions form the strategic line of investigations and decision-making dealing with organization of efficient heat supply of customers. The article proposes methods of regressive analysis applied to research in the field of thermal power consumption by the population, industrial and social entities. The authors demonstrate findings of the research concerning the dependence of changes in thermal consumption on a number of social, technical and economic parameters. Retrospective dynamics of thermal consumption changes was described with the help of one- and multi-parametric linear and non-linear regressive equations. The obtained regressive models were tested in forecasting the level of thermal consumption for the medium and short-term period. 

This article provides the model for IT operational risk analysis, which is based on Bayesian networks. The model allows to predict IT risk losses depending on software quality, IT staff experience and utilized testing practices. The model is provided with hands-on example. In this example, predictive Bayesian inference and sensitivity analysis are performed to get a visual representation of the impact of different input variables on the IT operational losses. The abductive Bayesian inference is performed to analyze risk events and to localize root sources of these events. The model is implemented by means of RStudio and AgenaRisk tools. Results of the work can be used in practical work of banks and its technical departments to predict IT operational losses. 

The article deals with investigation and grounding the possibility of using relevant mechanisms and tools to pursue policy of sustainable social and economic development of regions in the Russian Federation. From the theoretical and methodological point of view the research presents criteria for substantiation of relevance degree: principles of pursuing policy of sustainable social and economic development (systematic and complex nature, keeping the balance of interests, taking into account continuous changes); typology of Russian Federation regions (locomotives of growth, support regions, depressive regions); scenarios and factors of regions’ strategic development according to the forecast of the long-term social and economic development of the Russian Federation. From the practical point of view the matrix of mechanisms ensuring sustainable social and economic development was designed, on the basis of which it is possible to choose and apply relevant organizational-managerial tools with regard to specificities of social and economic development of the territory. 

The article discusses topicality and essence of economic potential of the region in order to ensure its economic sustainability and development. It explains etymology of the notions ‘potential’ and ‘economic potential of the region’ and identifies components of tangible and intangible potential of the region as an outline, which allows us to understand the arising of economic potential of the region. The essence of the economic potential of the region is formulated as a result of synergy effect implying interaction of factors of its tangible and intangible potential. The matrix of interaction of tangible and intangible potential assets is built to identify the basic level of synergy effect appearance and the degree of this effect impact on the region development. 

The development of the Public Health system as a field of public health reproduction is a priority objective of any social state and the Russian Federation according to Article 7 of the Constitution is a social state. Unfortunately, expenses of the Russian budget system on public health are falling due to deficit of the budget. It is especially evident for federal state institutions of the Public Health system, which perform functions of rendering specialized, including highly technological medical aid and financing of these functions is conducted by funds of the federal budget. In this connection every head of the federal institution of Public Health faces an acute problem of rational use of material and technical resources, staff and academic potential. Among legal mechanisms of attaining the efficiency of using Public Health resources the authors point out the possibility to hand over to other institutions or to the state (municipal) treasury the property which is not used efficiently and cost cutting by closing ineffective structural or detached subdivisions (affiliates). In respect of federal institutions of Public Health one way of handing over property to another legal entity is the procedure of reorganization. The article discusses procedure aspects of reorganization. Step-by-step algorithm of the administration measures is provided. The authors underline the necessity to introduce changes to legislation concerning medical activity licensing. 

The author researches the development of legislation concerning arbitration hearing in the Russian Federation and analyzes the reforms of arbitration courts being carried out at present. Topicality of the subject is envisaged by Federal Law N 382-FZ adopted on 29 December 2015 ‘About Arbitration (Arbitration Hearing) in the Russian Federation’, which started restructuring of the arbitration system in Russia. The article shows two opinions on the results of the reform and ideas of critics and supporters of the new law. The author describes a special way of developing the arbitration system in Russia and compares it with the world one. 

The article through comparative analysis of budget figures of federal and unitary states identifies key features of forming incomes on the municipal level. Proceeding from differences in administrative and territorial arrangement of states it grounds the difference in the level of finance provision of municipal bodies. By comparing volumes of accumulated by municipal council incomes and available liabilities a conclusion is drawn about the real finance provision of municipal bodies in federal and unitary states. Findings of the analysis show higher provision of local budgets in unitary states by income sources and their sufficiency to resolve problems of local character in contrast to federal states, which declare finance autonomy of municipal administration. It allows us to come to the conclusion about the decisive role of internal and not external factors in budget functioning on the local level. 

The article deals with creative work of Clive Staples Lewis and in particular his philosophical treatise ‘Suffering’. This work shows in the most comprehensive way philosophical and spiritual quests of C.S. Lewis as a Christian advocate and religious thinker. The authors highlight issues of God’s grace, paradise and hell, of faith, human imperfection, suffering of man and animals that were discussed in the treatise. They came to the conclusion that deep understanding of suffering by Lewis allows us to characterize him as one of the wisest advocates of the 20th century startling with his extraordinary erudition. In ‘Suffering’ and other essays and articles Lewis proved himself as an excellent expert of the Holy Writ and works by Saint Fathers of the church. 

The article shows key physical properties of the grain mass: looseness, self-sorting and thermal-moisture conduction. Classical information was supplemented by practical and scientific observations of the author. The pile of millet and flax has such looseness that, if a person steps on its surface, he/she can plunge into it and be killed. The risk of death is connected with super-cooling and possible penetration of grains into respiratory ways. The situation can deteriorate, in case extra efforts and movements are made to get free, which could cause a quick sinking in grain. It is strictly forbidden to stay on the surface of grain pile during unloading by drift. The grain mass during transportation gets exfoliated in two triangle layers, which are different in quality. Self-sorting in a newly-formed grain pile during loading-unloading also has its peculiarities. The peripheral part of the pile, as a rule consists of light admixture and thin grain, while the central part – of high-quality grain. The author shows possible negative effects of thermalmoisture conduction. Knowledge of these characteristics can help work successfully with grain and avoid damage of grain due to its growing mouldy and self-heating.