In information and its higher stage of development – digital economy of the second decade of the 21st century fake has acquired independence and turned into a trigger (stimulus, factor), which can initiate different processes in society and economy, politics and mass media. Topicality of the research is stipulated by crisis phenomena in economy, which intensify its fake nature, by growing inequality of incomes and their distribution, by assimilation of objectivity, trustworthiness and completeness of information on markets, when there is no confidence in knowledge and product, by increasing volume of information in the world that can be characterized as information explosion. The aim of the article is to show what fake economy is, provide its definition and reveal its nature, characteristics and goals. Is it a new economic system or a new stage of capitalism development? What are the prospects of its development? The author’s definition of the idea of fake economy’ is given: it is a new stage of present day capitalism development envisaged by general, system, global, integrated crisis or a certain type of capitalist industrial relations, where fraud, fake and counterfeit of correct opinions about realities play a serious role. 

The article was first to show that the forerunner of the local contradiction ‘creditors – debtors’ transformation into its global system form was a regular succession of historical events, among which building-up a debt pyramid (debt ascend) acts as a powerful system driver in the field of social, economic and legal relations. In contrast to many fundamental works dealing with the theory of credit and money debt (a stable historical phenomenon) is described as an immanent form of the system contradiction. The mechanism of spreading the global system contradiction ‘creditors – debtors’ in its fundamental social, economic and legal forms predetermines today the process of transforming the local phenomenon ‘debt’ and shaping related interests in the global phenomenon ‘one-polar world and geo-economic factors’ impact on the process of spreading the global system contradiction ‘creditors – debtors’ the author identifies key protection mechanisms, including finance (institutions, tools, procedures). These protection mechanisms are meant for consideration and adoption by the authorized body, i. e. the Security Council of the Russian Federation. Among the mentioned mechanisms two should be highlighted. The primary task is to develop on the basis of system approach methodology mechanisms of asymmetric response to repressions carried out by geo-economic and geo-political opponents of Russia. The task of paramount importance is the development of mechanisms providing necessary conditions for shaping the national elite in the field of politics, science, culture, corporate and state governance.

The article proves inevitability of market management of national economy. The authors introduced in academic circulation such notions as ‘business market’ and ‘developed market.’ Serious attention is paid to the role of private property in life of society and organization of national economy. Drawbacks of national economy management in soviet times were shown, incompetence of party leaders was highlighted and this resulted in the fact that ways of coordinating industrial relations with economic laws were not found. The soviet power was not able to use market laws in the interests of the country. Party leaders were not eager to understand the market theory, as market was denied. Reforms were ineffective due to this reason. Today Russia is facing the necessity to choose strategy for the future: it could be an inertial way of neo-liberal reforms and degradation of scientific potential or mobilization of intellectual resources aiming at economy restructuring on the basis of developed market with the leading role of state. The quality of state governance can help renew social sphere, achieve sustainable growth in the standard of living, where the leading role will belong to science of life, man and society.

The development of Russian economy at the present stage is connected with a number of difficulties hindering its shift from the ineffective raw material export model to the model of sustainable industrial growth. The essential drawback of the raw material export model aimed at extraction and export of mineral resources and import of industrial and consumer goods is a low resistance of economic growth to the impact of different factors, such as the situation on global commodity and finance markets, geo-political and economic circumstances in other countries. In contrast to the raw material export model the foundation of the model of sustainable industrial growth is formed by technologically developed manufacturing industry, the so-called locomotive industries characterized by high labour productivity, which provides a rise in putting out products showing competitiveness both on home and overseas markets. Due to this fact such products will be able to meet a considerable proportion of demand on the part of enterprises and population of the country for industrial goods and consumer goods and at the same time to make up a serious share in the export structure. The article deals with two key groups of mechanisms providing the shift of Russian economy from the ineffective raw material export model to the model of sustainable industrial growth, i.e. finance and non-finance ones. The authors analyzed principle difficulties hindering these mechanisms’ implementation in Russia: inability of non-finance mechanisms to guarantee the rise in quality and competitivenessof home-made goods; disparity of resources’ volume to needs of the national economic system in investment; obvious disproportion in districting funds by types of economic activity; the use of enterprises’ own resources for investment, etc.

The idea of the category ‘property’ is diverse and it is studied by economists, philosophers, lawyers, politologists and other experts. It is one of the basic categories in researching economic systems, especially economies being transformed as well as transitional ones. The subject is undoubtedly acute. Property is a category, which is filled by specific terms of different sciences, it is changeable in view of public expediency, economic and political situation and it becomes a key one in economic comparativistic. The goal of the article is to study and compare opinions of Russian and overseas scientists, academic schools and at the same time to investigate archive materials and academic works by present day academics dealing with the topic. The novelty of the article is connected with the multi-sided research of the category ‘property’. Theoretical and methodological foundation of the article was formed by principles of historism, system and comparative analysis, which support investigation of phenomena in their development and can be used with due regard to historical-retrospective and comparative-historical approach to such a phenomenon as property. On the basis of historical-genetic method it is possible to define the substantial content of the phenomenon. The authors also provide definitions of the notion ‘comparativistic’.

The Central Bank, the emission center, the reserve system, the federal treasury all these and other names are used to show the element of economy of a concrete state functioning, which controls money, i.e. estimates and administrates the money mass, buying capacity of residents in respect of goods, jobs and services, exerts influence on inflation processes and so on. The article provides results of researching the standing of normative and legal regulation, practice of using authority and responsibility, specific features of the Bank of Russia functioning as a relatively independent body of state governance and on this basis the articles studies the trends of improving management, norms of work development, procedures of working out and submitting to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation reports on federal laws bills, whose regulation is included in the competence of the Central Bank. Proposals dealing with amendments to the Federal law ‘About the Central Bank (the Bank of Russia)’ were formulated.

As machine-tool construction is considered to be an indicator of mechanical engineering development and progress of this industry can show the development of the country industrial potential, the topic of the article could be of great academic interest. The goal of the article is to study current technological trends of developing machine-tool construction in Russia. The authors provide information about industrial output on the market of machine-tool construction; characterize today’s level of technological, social and economic development in machine-tool construction of the country, identify system problems and specific features of Russian machine-tool construction, such as institutional conditions, home demand, access to technologies, etc. Apart from that the article shows reasons for the low level of innovation activity among manufacturers of machines and equipment, provides information about the latest projects of Russian enterprises of the industry, compares machine-tool construction in different countries, such as China, Japan, Germany, the US and Russia. Priorities of state policy in the field of machine-tool construction in Russia were identified: toguarantee leading positions for Russian companies on home market, ensure technological security. The authors showed priority lines in technological development of machine-tool construction in the Russian Federation for the future, for instance, introduction of product and technological innovation, development of competences in manufacturing competitive spare parts and tools on the territory of the Russian Federation, promotion of organizational innovation in respect of upgrading production automation (roboto-technique and the internet of things). Materials of the article can have practical importance for executives and experts of companies for the developjment of strategies and making reviews and reports and for state bodies to work out recommendations dealing with industrial policy of the Russian Federation.

The article deals with the problem of modeling the quality of e-services on the basis of evolution analysis and comparison of object factors of theories of technologies’ adoption and continuous use. The author identified and systematized factors of technology adoption in view of consumer characteristics of the service and showed the cyclic nature of model development, when from complicated composition of factors in initial models of technology diffusion and the theory of intellectual acts through simplified ideas of factors in the theory of technology adoption the shift to current complex multi-level models was accomplished. The analysis of theories of technology continuous use showed that they were based on traditional categories of quality, expectations, perception and satisfaction of customer, as well as on the phenomenon of intentions to continue the use, which is applied in the theory of marketing. The analysis gave the author an opportunity to find the necessity to study the essence and features of eservices on the basis of modeling the start and pilot quality of e-services. Such approach helps answer the questions, which usually are not studied in quality management: which characteristics of service are important for customer to make a decision about its use and how his/her ideas about elements of service quality are transformed with acquiring experience of its use. Start quality of e-services, in our opinion, is a totality of e-service characteristics, which influence customer’s expectations concerning its ability to meet his/her needs before customer gets a factual experience of the service use. Start quality impacts the decision about using the e-service. Experience quality means the ability of e-service to meet the changing needs of customer in the process or after its use, which affects satisfaction and intention to continue the use of the e-service. The author put forward the model correlating start and experience quality of e-services.

In today’s economic circumstances the needs of accounts and finance experts in data keep on transforming and expanding. Turbulence of external environment stipulates the growth in volatility and uncertainty in operative environment removing the vector of objectives for accounting and budgeting. Therefore, developing effective procedures of accounting and budgeting in present day business entities acquires bigger importance, as indicators and data of accounting influence the quality of making managerial decisions and consequently, the position of the enterprise in external market environment. The goal of the research is to ground the necessity of transforming accounting procedures and budgeting on the basis of opportunities provided by bid data technologies. The subject of the research is specific features of using big data in managerial accounting and budgeting. The article studies trends of growing information masses that are used in managerial accounting and budgeting, systematizes functional tasks accomplished by big data in different industries of Russian economy, investigates processes of accounting procedures’ transformation, analyzes opportunities and practice of using big data in making managerial decisions at Russian enterprises, grounds the necessity to introduce advanced technologies of data analysis in the system of accounting and budgeting. As a result of the research principles of using big data were formulated and the model of valuechain by big data was built for managerial accounting and budgeting and opportunities and threats of using big data in managerial accounting and budgeting were identified.

The goal of the article is to study academic foundations of territorial management established in the process of evolution of home regional economic science and specific features of their practical implementation at different stages of economic development of our country. By using the dialectic method of cognition and system approaches it is possible to reveal the diversity of historically formed scientific views dealing with such issues as shaping and managing administrative – territorial units in Russia as a federal state, to analyze positions of different scientists in defining certain basic categories of regional science, to systematize terms and ground the author’s position in defining the term ‘region’ in interconnection with other single-ordinal scientific categories. The author investigated the laws of functioning and trends of development of regional economy in connection with problematic issues of designing the concept of spatial development of the Russian Federation. The place of macro-region as a key taxonomic unit for studying the spatial structure of national economy is being identified, as well as its principle role as a forming link in the system of sub-federal management during the shift to the 6th technological structure. The author grounds the expediency of further research in the context of renewal of methodological tools and use of proposed organizational innovation aimed at development of basic provisions of science about regions in order to optimize territorial structure of economy and raise the quality of management of spatial development of the Russian Federation in conditions of digital economy formation.

Economy of knowledge is an economic formation, where today’s generation of young people will work. It is quite good that many scientists try to forecast what it will be like. The article studies different approaches to assessment of regional knowledge index. The authors put forward a new methodology of its estimation on the basis of key matrix determinant and its logarithming. To assess the knowledge index 16 indicators divided into 4 groups are used and they gave an opportunity to build a four-dimensional matrix. According to the author, this approach is more objective and can eliminate some inaccuracy of methods designed by other authors. On the basis of this methodology the knowledge index was estimated, which shows conditions for shaping economy of knowledge in Russian regions. The rating of federal districts and regions-leaders was built and regions-outsiders in respect of economy of knowledge shaping were identified. Indicators that exert the most serious effect (positive and negative) on the knowledge index of regions were found. More detailed results for the whole period of analysis – 2000–2015 – for all regions of the Russian Federation can be found in the Situational Center of the Russian Plekhanov University of Economics.

Today it is necessary to improve effectiveness of advert messages used in advertising campaign of entrance exams at the Russian Plekhanov University of Economics. The problem can be resolved by designing such messages in compliance with authenticity of discourse of target audience respondents. ZMET-analysis – the method of metaphor extraction was used as the method of research. For this purpose a social survey was conducted, where a random set of well-known visual images for Russian mentality was shown to recipients, who were asked to choose from the list of psycho-emotional conditions provided in the questionnaire an unlimited number of personal associations. As a result of the social survey (the sample made up 603 people) mathematic and statistic analysis was carried out and a probability model of visual symbols impact on customer decision was built. Later a focus-group was organized (12 volunteers, 3rd year students) and a dictionary of cultural codes was developed. This dictionary was used in the enrollment campaign of 2018. To check the earlier research in-depth interview was arranged (3 participants, 3rd year students), on the basis of which the dictionary of cultural codes was revised and preliminary advert messages for entrance exams of 2019–2020 at the Russian Plekhanov University of Economics were developed.

Transformation of organizations is a regular and continuous process proving the development of all spheres of economy and society. The article deals with the theory and practice of establishing organizations of the new type, which can reveal the potential of every employee. The author investigated the evolution of organization development for the last 100 years, showed the foundations of the theory of turquoise organizations by F. Lalu and described three discoveries of this theory and the essential characteristics of the turquoise organizations, which could crucially change the current system of management and provide a real breakthrough in raising its efficiency. Special attention is paid to specificity of introducing the model of turquoise organization in Russian and overseas companies. Key elements of the organizational model of well-known foreign turquoise companies, such as Buurtzorg, Sun Hydraulics, FAVI, working in different fields, were given in the article. Competitive advantages of these companies working by turquoise principles of management and showing fast growth in key lines of activity were demonstrated. The author studied the experience of establishing turquoise organizations in Russia (the VkusVill company, the Saving bank, the Modulbank and the internet-bank Tochka) and identified the basic turquoise principles introduced in management of these organizations, their results and prospects of development and analyzed problems connected with limited use of the turquoise model. The article provides concrete recommendations aimed at introduction of turquoise principles in practice of Russian companies’ work.

The concept of "crisis management" entered into everyday use among the managers of hotel enterprises relatively recently. As a practical discipline, crisis management began to actively develop in the 1990s. It was at this time that the objects and subjects of crisis management were determined, different approaches to definition were outlined, tasks, methods, and methods for solving them were formed. The article considers the existing approaches to the definition of crisis management, proposed by Russian and foreign scientists. The most interesting definitions of crisis management, which are used in the hotel business, are indicated. In the framework of the above definitions, examples are given on the implementation of crisis management in practice (in Russia and in foreign countries). Particular attention is paid to the classification of crises that affect the activities of hotel enterprises. Internal and external factors influencing the development of the hotel business are highlighted, and their ranking has been carried out. According to the results of the study, the shortcomings of the approaches to crisis management are presented, and a personal interpretation of the definition is proposed. World experience shows that crisis management was interested in scientists and practitioners from various fields: management, economics, finance, law, mathematical modeling, econometrics, programming, etc. Moreover, interest in crisis management arose most often at times when the world economy underwent a number of negative impacts. Currently, these phenomena have become quite frequent. Due to the fact that the markets and industries of the world have become interconnected, the financial market crisis leads to a decline in the development of the tourism industry, which in turn affects the hotel business.

The article shows 7 models of on-line retail clients’ behavior in conditions of digital transformation. The 1st model ‘Individual positioning’ offers a choice of goods in accordance with their individual preferences changing with regard to digital transformation. The 2nd model ‘Imitation’ implies unconditional following the current market trends. The model ‘The use of digital content’ means supply of high-quality digital content, which can meet users’ needs. The 4th model ‘Cooperation with other clients and the company through open platforms’ allows clients to achieve the set goals, to inform each other about goods, jobs, services, their advantages and disadvantages. The involvement of clients into the process of product development at the initial stage forms the 5th model – ‘Client’s involvement’. The 6th model implies interaction with the customer in order to reach a single opinion concerning this or that product. The model ‘Operative access and use’ means a certain behavior of the customer, which shows a wish to get this or that product, service or job rather quickly. The author put forward strategies of developing online retail, which correspond to adequate models of clients’ behavior.

The article shows 7 models of on-line retail clients’ behavior in conditions of digital transformation. The 1st model ‘Individual positioning’ offers a choice of goods in accordance with their individual preferences changing with regard to digital transformation. The 2nd model ‘Imitation’ implies unconditional following the current market trends. The model ‘The use of digital content’ means supply of high-quality digital content, which can meet users’ needs. The 4th model ‘Cooperation with other clients and the company through open platforms’ allows clients to achieve the set goals, to inform each other about goods, jobs, services, their advantages and disadvantages. The involvement of clients into the process of product development at the initial stage forms the 5th model – ‘Client’s involvement’. The 6th model implies interaction with the customer in order to reach a single opinion concerning this or that product. The model ‘Operative access and use’ means a certain behavior of the customer, which shows a wish to get this or that product, service or job rather quickly. The author put forward strategies of developing online retail, which correspond to adequate models of clients’ behavior.

The article introduces a conceptually new line in ensuring the long-time sustainable development of the organization, i.e. autogenous crisis. The notion of ‘crisis’ is analyzed and its forms in different socio-cultural systems are described. Crisis is a concentrated in time and at a certain place crucial, drastic for the system moment of truth, a point of bifurcation – a critical condition of the system, when it becomes unstable. Examples of crises in different social systems show that crisis is an inevitable stage in the life cycle of any living system. During its evolution any living system repeatedly passes a dynamic cycle ‘stability – crisis – new stability’. The author puts forward the thesis that crisis demonstrates the 3-rd law of Hegel dialectics - negation of negation. A conclusion was drawn that crisis breaks a former balance (stability) and at the same time provides an opportunity (potential) of passing-over to a new balance (new stability), i.e. crisis acts as a method of object movement from the former disintegration and conflict to a new condition. Speaking about a practical application of the phenomenon of crisis the author proposes to initiate by top executives of the organization a controlled (autogenous) crisis in order to eliminate contradictions, disproportions and misbalance arising in any living system during its life cycle. The autogenous crisis gives an opportunity to re-load the system and to move to a new level of stability. The conceptual apparatus was developed to resolve the task and goals, object, subject, key principles and components of the notion ‘autogenous crisis’ were defined.

Local, state and federal bodies of power use e-technologies (from automation to artificial intellect) in order to improve the life of the population. The new generation of computer complexes excel people in the intellect quality as a strategic tool of the economic development of the country and upgrading of its state governance. The article shows how to use technologies to raise efficiency at working places and to improve the life of the population. Principle opportunities of using e-technologies, big data and artificial intellect in state governance were studied. Prospects of processing the natural language by computers and building smart cities were described. In spite of enormous positive effect of introducing e-technologies, each new technology implies an additional risk. Such potential risks were estimated. Key trends of the future development of artificial intellect systems were analyzed, as they become a serious tool of process management. Today states face a new choice: should the managerial operations be completely automated, can the job be distributed between people and devices or should it be carried out by people with the help of devices. State sectors creating advantages of automation use such technologies as big data analysis, artificial intellect and Internet of things. Opportunities of artificial intellect are real and endless and things that were earlier only theoretical concepts, today form practical solutions.

The article studies specific features of relatively new risks of declining the level of social and economic stability of states due to acts of terrorism and approaches to their estimation and prevention. Specificity of these risks are shown, which are connected with unlimited spheres of activity and methods of terrorists, vagueness of their reasoning and so on, which determines the high level of uncertainty in probability estimation, damages and other consequences of their activity. The structure of damages was systemized, within the frames of which direct and indirect damages in different fields of national economy and population of global community were identified. Estimation of such damaged which took place in different countries was provided. Unique characteristics of risks of terroristic attacks were given, which differ from other types of economic risks and predetermine the necessity to develop specific steps and strategies of their prevention. Key lines in the activity aimed at reducing risks of terroristic threats were discussed that stipulate disclosing basic factors promoting their appearance, estimation of conditions and trends in their development and elaboration of methods counteracting such threats. Legal basis of counteracting terrorism in the Russian Federation was considered that imply strengthening the role of state in the struggle against this phenomenon, for example by allocation of necessary finance resources directed to the development of accessible network of information, to the improvement of objects’ safeguarding, insurance protection of the population and other lines in anti-terrorist activity. The author discusses possible approaches to estimation of probability of terroristic attacks by using binary and multiple choice with regard to indicators showing conditions of their conducting.

The article investigates theoretical foundations of the banking supervision. The authors research simultaneously history of establishing the banking system starting from the 17th century and finishing with the period, when CIS countries got independence. Periods of establishing the banking supervision on post-soviet space were analyzed. The essence of the banking supervision from the juridical and economic points of view was presented. The authors on the basis of existing literature analysis and taking into account the mentioned approaches and norms of effective legislation formulated the definition of the banking supervisionin conformity with the banking system of post-soviet countries: banking supervision is one of the key functions of the Central Bank connected with observation, response, control and regulation, including identification and correction of demands and minimization of the totality of banking risks in order to guarantee protection of creditors and depositors, security and stability of the banking system. The authors came to the conclusion that in spite of raising quality of the banking supervision in post-soviet countries in general, the gradual shift to the international standards of accounting (MSFO) and standards of risk assessment (Basel I, Basel II, Basel II.5 and Basel III) the main problem is still the vulnerability of supervision and regulation models that are capable of early response, timely threat identification and use of preventive measures.