The article presents the author's view on global trends in educational and academic work and investigates its current condition. It discloses reasons and factors affecting the educational and academic work of universities, which lead to the necessity of its further development in the global system of personnel training. The author analyzes steps aimed at implementation of international treaties in the field of educational and academic work development. She compares different tools and mechanisms of supporting educational and academic work in university in view of global trends of development and their impact on quality of personnel training and introduction of continuous education system. The most acute targets of current and strategic nature are discussed. The author also explains the need to upgrade mobility of education programs and ensure their conformity with international standards.

Today universities act not only as education structures but also as business entities which shape their own finance and investment policy, accumulate funds from different sources and invest them in the development and improvement of their competitiveness. The authors investigate in detail blocks of indicators characterizing finance and economic activity of universities in national and global university ratings. They analyze methodological approaches to shaping blocks of finance indicators and on this basis they come to the conclusion about unity of theoretical and methodological principles underlying their foundation. The article provides the results of assessing finance and economic work by using different methodological approaches illustrated by the Russian Plekhanov University of Economics and formulates conclusions and recommendations to control the efficiency of finance and economic work of universities.

The article discusses a problem acute for present day professional education, i.e. the problem of using student's research work in university not only as professional but also as personal development of the future specialist. While the importance of the human factor for effective functioning of the organization is rising, special attention should be paid to the development of students' skills of social interaction. The author investigates the factor of social and psychological competence of the future specialist as a component of his/her successful interaction in the team. The article analyzes opportunities offered for the development of student's social and psychological competence by his/her cooperation with the lecturer in work at grants.

Computerization of modern society requires new forms of interaction between the lecturer and the student, including the use of social networks. The article proposes 3 lines in using social networks in the teaching process: for education and methodological support in learning subjects; for consulting graduate-students; for technological support of project work. The author presents advantages of using the social network 'VKontakte' to resolve each of the mentioned above problems and shows possible difficulties connected with this technology and ways of their settlement. As a basis of the research the author uses the results of her work with students of the Russian Plekhanov University of Economics training in specialty 'Customs'.

The article shows that the theoretical foundation of market has not been developed yet. The authors present a new idea of market economy and propose a shift to state regulation of the national market. It was substantiated that Russia needs a national model based on principles of developed market. The article offers to coordinate national economy with market laws at the level of enterprises and at the state level; to use the market situation as a tool of assessing state economic policy; to transform home trade in the industry affecting the development of national production proportions.

The article characterizes the development of small and medium business in Russia after it gained sovereignty and adopted the Constitution of the Russian Federation on 12 December 1993. The author shows stages of developing free market relations and management of regional economy in Russia as a result of constitutional and legal reforms which started in early 1990-s and continue at present. Issues dealing with advantages of free market in comparison with planned economic relations were raised. The author highlighted issues of the federal structure of the Russian state. Economic federalism in Russia which has constitutional and legal guarantees is shown as a motivating factor for stable economic growth not only for certain regions but for the country in general.

The article analyzes strategy of municipal control and audit bodies in medium-term perspective, staff of the bodies and variants of interaction between them. The author shows two lines in expert-analytical work: making-up conclusions on concrete documents and analytical materials on certain problems. He highlights the rising topicality of aspects of organizing the system of external municipal finance control on the municipal level, which must ensure the observance of budget legislation of the Russian Federation and other legal acts regulating budget relations aimed at raising the efficiency of using budget funds.

The article investigates project financing as a specific type of bank financing. The authors analyze distribution of global volumes of project financing by sectors of economy and in the regional view. They also show the differences between project financing and other types of bank financing and classify key mechanisms of risk management in project financing. The authors came to the conclusion that further development of project financing in Russia is hindered by factors stipulated by specific features of banking and by certain macro-economic factors. Special attention is paid to methodology of selecting investment projects for crediting in the commercial bank and their monitoring as a tool which could reduce the negative effect of credit risks.

The article investigates rates of investment efficiency and points to problems arising while comparing investment projects, which are different in scale and duration. The authors discuss issues connected with shaping the system of rates to assess economic efficiency of real investment and offer recommendations aimed at modernizing the present methods of investment analysis. The authors put forward the rates to analyze investment efficiency by using methods of discounting which allow us to compare projects with different investment volumes, periods of functioning and return standards. These rates of efficiency must be used jointly to rank several investment projects.

Profits of the federal budget of Russia act as an important macro-economic indicator, which shows not only the general budget balance of state and possibility to pursue the active budget policy but also indicate business activity in economy, its progressive or recessive type of development. The article analyzes problems of insufficient efficiency of managing profits of the federal budget of the Russian Federation within the period of Russian economy recession. Efficiency of budget profit management was evaluated by indicators designed by the author. Models of managing profits of the federal budget of Russia were built separately for oil and gas and non-oil and gas profits. The forecast of their values was made for three variants of social and economic development. The author gave recommendations aimed at raising the efficiency of managing profits of the federal budget for the long-term prospect.

The article provides classification of shadow cash flows according to directions of their distribution (criminal, latent and non-tax). The author identifies specific features of shadow cash flows formed by each of the mentioned-above directions, assesses reasons and economic consequences of their arising and distribution. He shows channels of contacts between cash flows, which circulate in three fields of shadow economy and legal part of the economic system. An original scheme of cash flows between legal and shadow economy was presented and recommendations aimed at minimizing shadow cash flows in current national economic systems were provided.

The article analyzes the key problematic zones in the national system of finance monitoring which is based on the combination of institutional bodies and finance organizations. Among all entities of the primary finance monitoring the sector of non-credit finance organizations was singled out, which in the current situation is more vulnerable to the risk of being involved in dubious clients' operations. By analyzing the legal field of the Russian Federation it was found out that the definition of 'non-credit organization' is not available. The author explains the essence of this type of finance organization. The use of new norms of anti-legalizational legislation is demonstrated, their impact on finance market is depicted.

The article analyzes the conceptual apparatus of the commercial credit for organizations. The author shows key types of trade credits, provisions of credit policy of the enterprise, the system of this policy administration, the model of using commercial credit - a potential borrower which is applied in the international practice for commercial organizations. The author puts forward a specified and more generalized notion of the commercial credit as a special form of the credit made up according to the credit contract or other agreements between sellers and buyers of the B2B system as selling goods (jobs, services) by installment and with delayed payment (credit).

In this article the author researched the features of the current financial mechanism of the budget and autonomous organizations; the main distinctions in provision of financial information between them and the commercial organizations are shown. Determinations of financial stability are considered, the conclusion is drawn on their inapplicability to the researched forms of business. On the basis of the existing determinations and features of conducting financial and economic activities the author's concept of financial stability of budgetary and autonomous institutions which can be used in a financial analysis as a reflection of an economic essence of a separate aspect of activity of budgetary and autonomous institutions was created.

The article for the first time discusses specific features of designing traditional games within the frames of cooperation between bodies of culture and sports. By analyzing the work of the Federation of traditional entertainment and ethno-sport of Russia characteristics of invent-management in this field were identified. Special attention was paid to disclosing tasks of socio-cultural designing of traditional games, as well as problems of financing and economic efficiency of their conducting. On the basis of vast practical experience of arranging fests of traditional games and ethno-sports on regional, Russian and international level the authors developed methodological recommendations for their planning and evaluation.

The article deals with an acute problem of informal employment in Moscow, which provides an opportunity to see a real situation with regard to respondents' and experts' opinion. The author identifies forms and types of shadow employment, shows its reasons and direct and indirect signs. She researches the involvement of workers in settlement of the problem by official employment and difficulties encountered by employers in case of 'grey scheme' application. The article analyzes the shift to new systems of payment as a possible way of reducing the level of informal employment.

Competitive stability of technical and economic systems (TES) as an ability to retain competitive advantages during a long period of time is determined by an average level of quality and prices of the output. In this connection it is necessary to develop new approaches and methods of managing internal competitive stability of all TES structures' interaction based on the use of market relations' tools. The article provides a conceptual apparatus of the development of competitive stability of technical and economic systems by key stages of reproduction. The author puts forward his own definitions of competition, stability and competitive stability of TES and shows levels of competitive stability of technical and economic systems.

The article investigates changes in the structure of nutrition and food behaviour of students after enrolment in university by using questionnaire. It is shown that the majority of students in full or partially changed nutrition routine after enrolment in university: the number of meals reduced, the rate of students getting and eating food less than 3 times a day rose. Food choice changed in favour of food rich in carbohydrate and fat. The consumption of beef, pork, mutton, fish, dairy produce lowered, while the consumption of chicken, eggs, sausages and baked products rose. The findings of the research can be used to correct students' food and change the menu of students' canteens.

On the basis of authors' programs and methodological approaches the automated system of calculating short-term forecast of the parameters in the field of research and innovation was developed. The article for the first time raised and solved the task of analyzing dynamic assessment of accuracy and quality of retro-forecast parameters on the data for 2012, 2013 and 2014. Figures of the research and developments observed by the Rosstat were analyzed, as well as methodology of their shaping and trajectories of the data for 2004-2014. The authors found the reasons for restrictions and maximum possibilities of using regressive models of the forecast. A specialized complex of automated calculation accuracy and quality of retro-forecast. The research proved conclusions about qualitative restrictions of possibilities of econometric models and allowed to get qualitative assessment for parameters in the field of research and innovation. More than 80% of figures are forecasted successfully. As for other figures it is recommended to use alternative methods of forecast, for instance neuro-network. The use of verification in the automated system of calculating the comparative assessments could increase the speed, accuracy and quality of regressive equation adjustment.

The article presents key problems of power security of Russia. The notion of 'power security' was specified. The authors suggest reorientation of efforts in the field of providing for regional needs, resolving tasks of reanimation of deserted settlements and development of new spheres of labour application. The authors underline the use of local power resources and life wastes, which can act as power resources in case necessary technical solutions and technological equipment are available. Russian fuel and power complex being a driving force of progressive development of manufacturing products of higher stages of treatment is shown as locomotive of innovation development of such industries as machine-building, defence complex, steel making, chemical industry, construction. A special role of state for problems of small nuclear power engineering was highlighted. Directions for solving problems of power supply both of economic and technical and technological nature were put forward. Traditional and new solutions of ensuring power security are discussed.

The article has a historical and philosophical nature. It provides an analysis of the works of L. Shestov, devoted to the works of William Shakespeare and is written at the intersection of philosophy and literary criticism. The study revealed the meanings contained in the works of Shakespeare that inspired L. Shestov to create their own philosophical doctrines. The study shows the original, unchanged basis of the philosophical views Shestov on an example of criticism of the ontological and moral views of Shakespeare. Also shows the dynamics of development of Shestov views at the turn of 19-20 centuries, as reflected in his estimation of moral qualities of the heroes of Shakespeare. In general, we are talking about the origins of the formation of existential philosophy.

The article aims at exposing the issue of historical and social memory correlation. The past bears a special status in a dynamically developing society. Globalistic tendencies are corrected by an assimilation of traditions and historical reality. The range of issues, touched upon in the article, remains pertinent nowadays. Distinctive features of a historical and social memory are disclosed in this work. The problem of a correlation between the historical memory and tradition is outlined therein. Determination of the place of a historical memory within historical space still remains disputable. Solution of the problem will give possibility for reconsidering the phenomenon of oblivion and making socio-cultural analysis. Today the outlined issues seem to be especially important on the ground that historical memory has become an object of manipulative practices. Analyzing various approaches to the designated problem the work views history and memory in the context of an individual and social consciousness.