The article analyzes approaches to defining institution being a central notion of institutionalism. It is clear that the term ‘institution’ is used by Russian economics in different meaning and the same is true for other humanitarian and social sciences, which points to inter-disciplinary nature of the notion. Apart from this, in institutionalism itself, due to different academic approaches to institutional economic theory there are various approaches to defining the notion ‘institution’, which, according to the author, hinders the dynamic development of institutionalism and thus requires correction. According to D. Nort, institution means norms of law, whose influence on economic development was studied in view of the Anglo-Saxon system of law and it is unacceptable within the frames of inter-disciplinary analysis of Russian economics. By analyzing definitions of the notion ‘institution’ put forward by Russian institutionalism researchers and their comparing with D. Nort’s approach a conclusion was drawn that the majority of Russian scientists in line with D. Nort define institution in broad and various wording and formal institutions are interpreted as norms of law formalized in enactments. Through analyzing tasks conferred on institution comprehension of institution in different types of institutionalism with due regard to inter-disciplinary nature of the notion and Russian economic and legal reality the author proposes a unique definition of institution as a central notion of institutionalism, which can foster the development of institutional economic theory used for the analysis of Russian economy, synthesis of social and humanitarian sciences and economic analysis of effective and new legal norms in the field of economic activity.

   The article summarized and upgraded the research material dealing with agent modeling of entity behavior in active (man to man) viable systems. Aspects of emotional and behavior counterpart responses were studied in modeled social and economic processes of production contract implementation. The authors took into account the impact of dominating psycho-sociological styles of actor behavior included in the hierarchy of production interaction in case of asymmetric information and schemes of classical opportunism. The essence and location of psychological contracts in the process of concluding and implementing labour contracts were specified. 3D models of ‘principal – agent’ and ‘principal-manager-agent’ interactions were built with due regard to emotional responses and motivating decisions of process participants. The authors present the model, which can interpret actor interactions in the form of replacing each other chains of emotions and steps, which in case of graphic presentation of the process will be located in sequence on both sides of the Mebius loop analogues. The benefits of using KL-models and KM- and OK-functions in modeling emotional actor reaction in response to counterpart behavior were demonstrated. To provide better clearness necessary illustrations, schemes and graphs of two- and three-actor interactions were supplied. The provided schemes of iteractive processes of dynamic actor interactions allowed the authors to develop and effectively use software of modeling the emotional tone of hierarchical relations of entities in researching models of viable organization functioning. The developed mathematic tools got a certificate of state registration of computer databases and programs.

   The subject of inter-sectoral balance has been adequately developed in scientific community, however, we think that insufficient attention was paid to inserting price rates of industries in the model of inter-sectoral relations, as they produce a serious impact on making decisions concerning each industry production. The article deals with working-out a mathematic approach to modeling industry behavior in view of price policy development. The theoretical base of the research was formed by key provisions of the economic theory and the theory of inter-sectoral balance. The authors analyze dynamics of product prices set by industries with regard to inter-sectoral dependence and respective changes in output, added value, margin and volumes of sold products in each industry. As a result of the research the inter-sectoral model of shaping price policy of industries was built, which takes into account parameters of demand and urge of every industry for maximum profits. Different scenarios of changing demand parameters and production interactions were studied. Model experiments allowed authors to come to the conclusion that a rise in demand for one industry product cannot always increase production of related industries. As product price in the industry goes up, costs of other industries also rise, which can have an adverse effect on their product demand on the part of end customer. And on the contrary, a drop in demand for one industry product can support other related industries on constant demand factors at the expense of cost cutting. The proposed model could be useful for private and state sectors in planning investment policy at the same time it could reveal macro-economic trends, which is necessary to resolve problems of tardy or inadequate response of business entity on possible risks.

   Transformations aimed at shaping advanced technological environment are necessary to maintain competitiveness and develop production enterprises in constantly changing market conditions. Technological transformation of the enterprise implies a set of steps aimed at introducing information and communication, resource-saving and other technologies, so that the enterprise will be able to put out innovative goods, reach serious organizational improvement in business and comply with fast growing needs of market. The article gives the author’s classification of transformation processes according to their speed and necessity of conducting, at the same time a model of technological transformation of industrial enterprises is put forward. The model includes 4 lines of transformation: production processes, purchase and sale operations, organization of work space and finance processes. Through analyzing benefits of technological transformations it becomes clear that they could speed up work operations, cut excessive steps and resource spending, as well as improve the quality of customer service and efficiency of enterprise functioning in general. The principle challenge of shaping the advanced technological environment at enterprises is absence of support of the part of top management and ordinary workers, high cost of introducing innovation and threat of data storage security. Practical significance of research findings is connected with possibility to use them in finding strategic lines and policy of technological transformation of industrial enterprises.

   Internet mass media provides their readers with an opportunity to express their opinions on topics (comments) being published. For this purpose each article inserted in the Internet is connected with certain means of communication. These comments are taken seriously by mass media as they contain valuable information that helps find out feelings of Internet users. Social networks generate a vast amount of unstructured data due to their use by thousands of users. Therefore, our research aims at substantiation and use of machine learning (artificial intellect) approach in order to analyze users’ feelings through comments on YouTube dealing with press-conferences given by nominated candidates. Obtained results show feasibility of the approach. The author proposes other ways of its modernization.

   The article analyzes CO₂ emissions in the world and in Russia. Retrospective analysis of regulatory and legal framework and key steps aimed at preventing climate change in Russia was carried out. Economic and administrative tools of cutting greenhouse gas emissions were studied. The author’s approach to shaping the structure of a pattern regional plan on adaptation to climate change was put forward. The author came to grounded conclusions that key measures aimed at higher efficiency of carbon regulation in Russia shall include elaboration and implementation of regional plans on adaptation to climate change in entities of the Russian Federation. The developed pattern regional plan can be used in practical work of executive power bodies to shape regional plans and to appraise results of measures aimed at adaptation to climate change. It can be important for identifying steps, which could cut emissions, prevent ecological and economic damage and at the same time provide a positive impact on enterprise work, working conditions and people standard of life.

   The market of digital assets and especially market of digital finance assets posses a certain potential, however its development in Russia goes on at a moderate speed and requires specific conditions for realization. The use of digital assets is stipulated by economic benefits connected with speed, simplicity and comfort of issuing digital finance assets in circulation. The article analyzes expediency of applying complex and system approach and their combination to work out organizational and economic mechanism necessary to develop the market of digital finance assets aiming at progress of the new digital environment. The authors suggest considering the Government of the Russian Federation, bodies of economic development of Russia (on federal, regional and local level), other state bodies, autonomous institutions and key business enterprises, which control the economic development of the country as entities on the market of digital finance assts. The mechanism consists of 6 blocks that define key strategies of shaping and developing the market, elaborate trends of investment activity, formulate organizational and economic conditions of market functioning, provide infrastructure development and introduce stimulating measures. The authors put forward a form of organizational and economic mechanism to develop digital finance asset market, which identifies interconnections and interdependence of structural elements on market. This mechanism will fix strategic priorities of developing the market of digital finance assets in the Russian Federation.

 

   Strategy administration is an essential link in the outline of credit organization management, its optimality impacts the efficiency of bank functioning on target markets in general and its competitiveness in particular. Economy digitalization acts as an external macro-factor in respect of the bank and its management system and the influence of this factor is quite strong. These circumstances cause the necessity to adapt strategies of the bank development to new conditions.

   The goal of the research is to assess macro-environment of the Russian bank sector.

   The following methods were used in the research: comparative analysis, statistic analysis, benchmarking, classification and ranging and PEST-analysis.

   The research identified stages of strategic transformation of the banking system under the influence of digitalization and showed the impact of digital transformation in economy on bank strategy administration. The authors came to the conclusion that innovation strategy included in corporate strategy of the bank assumes a high degree of using advanced information technologies, detailed monitoring of market of digital solutions for the bank and maximum automation of banking business processes.

   An acute problem facing today’s society is collecting and recycling solid municipal waste (SMW). The author studies this problem on the basis of the growing speculative factor dealing with enormous amount of poorly used SMW and shortage of budget funds for their efficient management and recycling.

   The goal of the article is to work out effective strategies to raise investment to this field and to raise finance stability of the system of SMW collecting and recycling.

   To reach this goal the author proposes to analyze the current condition of the industry, study best practices of international and Russian companies and identify hindrances and challenges that bar the development of finance services in the sector. It should be mentioned that successful development of finance services in the field of SMW collecting and recycling requires a complex approach including not only elaboration of new finance mechanisms but instructing people for principles of separate collecting and recycling waste and upgrading technologies of SMW recycling and utilization.

   The article provides findings of a sociologic survey dealing with the rate of various types of confidence in the present day Russian society. The author studied the impact of 5 objective characteristics (gender, age, principle occupation, content of principle occupation and region of living) of respondents on the rate of 4 types of confidence, such as inter-personal, generalized, institutional and political. The article draws conclusions about the impact of respondent’s belonging to certain groups, identified on the basis of 5 objective characteristics both on the general rate of confidence and the rate of each types of confidence. In analyzing respondents’ answers a number of paradoxes were found. For instance, a high rate of institutional confidence went with a low rate of political confidence in selected groups of respondents. The author highlighted objective characteristics that exercised the strongest influence on respondents’ answers. Volatility of respondents’ answers was estimated both by groups identified on the basis of objective characteristics and by types of confidence. The most volatile were the answers received from respondents depending on their principle occupation and the most volatile type of confidence was inter-personal. Apart from that, conclusions were made about possible interactions between objective characteristics and the rate of confidence and nature of these interactions.

   The article studies practice of elaborating and realizing Russian and overseas crowdfunding campaigns of innovation business-projects aimed at finding criteria of their success and identifying their problem zones.
The standing of the global market of crowdfunding was analyzed, key principles of raising money on crowdfunding platforms were studied and the most popular categories of projects realized on the biggest platforms in Russia and abroad were identified. On the basis of comparative analysis of processes of crowdfunding campaign realization the authors formulated and checked several hypotheses dealing with strategies of elaborating and realizing crowdfunding projects. During the research in-depth interviews with representatives of platforms and developers of innovative crowdfunding projects were conducted and on their basis criteria of crowdfunding campaign success were defined and challenges of their realization were shown.

   Against a background of opportunities opened to business in times of innovation economy we can observe growing risks connected with specific features of information flows, technologies of transaction handling and new approaches in management. Due to these factors the author studies a model depicting parameters and characteristics of processes providing economic security of enterprises and possibilities of its application in practice. The article substantiates the assumption about expediency of using sindinic principles in managing the enterprise with regard to the current requirements to the level of economic security. The author puts forward the approach to using 5D model of sindinic in management of industrial enterprises, as well as innovation systems as a solution aimed at developing and retaining its competitive features in active interaction with external environment.

   The subject of the article is specific features of managerial processes arising in shaping, functioning and developing business-ecosystems.

   To understand specificity of management the author suggests studying business-ecosystem as a triad of views integrated by mandatory use of digital tools and technologies. By researching evolution of business-
models the author identifies key characteristics of business-ecosystem, such as building by the module principle, self-regulation and coordination, customization, creating value at the expense of cooperation and co-competition, intensifying the role of intangible factors, network and ecosystem effect, etc., which substantiate certain specific features that should be taken into account in management. The author underlines the importance of soft nature of managerial impact in ecosystem, which is caused by the absence of hierarchy and dominance of partner-contractual relations and describes specific risks that ecosystem face. Apart from that, special attention is paid to the necessity to set up a specific body, i. e. the uniform coordination center, which can be a structural division, direction or a separate brand regulating the development of the ecosystem around other business-lines of the organization – owner of the ecosystem. The article also provides a model of managerial decision-making including 3 levels: managerial force, group (team) decision-making and professional opinion. In conclusion features and prospects of home business-ecosystems were studied.

 

   A key topic in discussing the development of social and economic systems and state policy has been overall digital transformation. The introduction of digital technologies is a principle line in strategy of the majority of organizations, including trade ones. HR-divisions are also liable to digitalization effect. Providing HR-managers with support tools, advanced IT-solutions could optimize the process of HR management, focus attention on strategic tasks and in general raise the efficiency of personnel management. The article explains the purpose of HRM-systems used to manage personnel in today’s trade organizations, reviews functionality of current IT-solutions and identifies key trends in the field of HR-Tech. The authors managed to solve a set of tasks connected with introduction of HRM-systems with due regard to specificity of trade organizations and highlighted trends in the field of HR-Tech. The theoretical and methodological base of the research was formed by materials of research and analytical companies, provisions given in works by mainly Russian scientists and experts in the field of personnel management. Apart from that, methods of comparative analysis, generalization, systematization, etc. were used.

   The topic of the research is acute, which is envisaged by the demand for printing products in all spheres of society: political, cultural, economic, etc.

   During the last decades serious changes took place on printing market, which made entities of the market revise their strategies. The article studies dynamics of printing market development and its
specific features in the Russian Federation. The current trends on the printing service market were identified and key reasons for changing the situation on the market were investigated. The authors came to the conclusion that Russian printing houses gained serious experience in overcoming crisis situations, such as the system crisis connected with replacement of periodicals and books by e-publications and the crisis caused by COVID-19 epidemic and large-scale economic sanctions introduced in 2022. They put forward strategic lines in the development of printing market entities with regard to identified trends of market development.

   Automation and digitalization in all types of activity is a growing trend of economy development today. It causes evolution of technological processes, where man still takes part. A necessary condition of the efficient functioning of enterprises is standardization, which provides a way of storing, transfer and accumulation of knowledge and continuous improvement of processes. Work in program complexes maintaining technology requires a new method of standard visualization. The article reviews methods of standardization at power enterprises and provides recommendations aimed at their introduction and use in managing the production system in conditions of digitalization. The authors studied problems of effective visualization, put forward a new type of standards in the form of video, identified benefits and drawbacks of video-standards. Apart from that, a model of digital architecture for storing and safe-keeping documents at enterprises was presented and the effect of using standards at power enterprises was demonstrated.

   Elaborating strategy of sustainable development at industrial enterprises is a complicated process aimed at designing and introducing such methods of management, which can provide efficient functioning of the enterprise with regard to ecologic, social and economic aspects. This strategy is a key element of successful running of business in current circumstances, where requirements to sustainability and responsibility to the environment are becoming more and more important. The research found the link between the rate of industry sustainability and provision of sustainable development of enterprises in different industries. The article studies factors that can impact the industrial enterprise in the context of sustainable development and shows the dynamics of correlation between industry sustainability rate and finance results of the enterprise. The author proposed an innovative approach that includes using parameters of generated net accruals in the system of efficiency appraisal, as well as figures of corrected net accruals, where their growth shows the effective transfer to sustainable development.

Communication strategies of promoting goods, services and brands form an integral part of marketing strategies. Resolving the problem of choosing communication strategy is based on expert opinion of one or several specialists, whose position can be taken by professionals in promotion of commercial and social goods. The goal is to choose the best alternative of conducting communication campaigns based on its potential effectiveness. The article uses mathematic tools of fluctuating set of indistinct linguistic terms in order to resolve the problem of choosing communication strategy for social projects. On this basis the task was formulated for decision-making concerning the choice of marketing strategy in conditions of uncertainty and an example was provided for choosing communication strategy of promoting a social project. As an example of using these tools the inter-regional literature camping ‘War and Peace’ was studied, where a multitude of 3 alternatives was formed, expert opinions in the form of linguistic expressions were obtained and the multitude of alternatives was regulated on the basis of non-dominant strategy. Findings of the research show possibility to use indistinct linguistic computing model for decision-making in marketing.

   The article analyzes the resource potential of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, which impacts the development of niche types of tourism in the region and identifies key reasons for fostering a higher demand for incountry tourism. The necessity to develop tourism of special interests was shown and quest-tourism was identified as one of its promising trends. The authors studied quest-tourism and proposed its definition and classification that can give an opportunity to investigate it in detail. Recommendations and principle lines in quest-tourism development in the region were provided. The analysis of quest-tourism showed deficit of quest-rooms in the Leningrad region, which can seriously decrease its potential. Apart from that, problems of organizing interactive programs for people with limited health possibilities were highlighted. The article pointed out to opportunities to form a new line in quest-tourism, i. e. inclusive quest and to development of inclusive quest-tours. Variants of inclusive quest-tour organization were shown and their topicality and expedience were grounded. The authors demonstrated the importance of creating comfortable conditions in quest-tours for people with limited health possibilities and studied key lines in providing accessible environment for this group of tourists. Findings of the research can be useful for business-community and regional bodies of administration responsible for the development of tourist industry.

   Due to the fact that the majority of goods and services are produced in the same technological environment, possess similar design and can hardly be distinguished by their technical characteristics and assessed by manufacturer and trade outlets in a similar way it becomes necessary to mention in trade offers certain non-price competitive advantages, i. e. to provide goods and services with brand – new emotional and aesthetic tint. Customer chooses the product using his/her feelings, emotions, mood, sympathy to the image, which is formed in according with metaphors, fixed images and cultural codes. It can be proved by our research (focus-group) that shows that 93 % of the audience rely on their feelings, mood and impressions in choosing goods, which can change even during the process of choosing and it can cancel preliminary plans and decisions. Percent ratio between mental and emotional decisions can differ depending on age, gender, character of customers, however today we cannot ignore emotional factor of customer perception in the process of market promotion of goods and services.